'Science Crosswords' has been produced by compiling 50 crosswords of 10X10 size. The crosswords involve hundreds of scientific terms and abbreviations that are of common are among science students and professionals and that every person related to science must know. Efforts have been made to keep the number of black squares to minimum and each crosswords has been stuffed with maximum number of terms and clues for the same. The terms involved are of a level that any student, engineer, science teacher or professional may find himself able to guess or get acquainted with. The abbreviations used are a part and parcel of science and shall rather add to the knowledge of every scientific person. Solutions to the crosswords are given at the end of the book. In our daily life, we speak words, we read words, we write words and we think words. But this book makes you turn the scientific words over and over in your mind-once, twice and countless times.

Contents: Preface. I. Flowering of the Indian tradition of historiography (R.C. Majumdar, V.S. Agrawala, G.C. Pande, V.S. Pathak, S.R. Goyal, Ajay Mitra Shastri and Lallanji Gopal): 1. R.C. Majumdar: his scientific attitude with nationalist bias. 2. V.S. Agrawala: a unique historian of art and culture. 3. G.C. Pande: a philosopher-historian extraordinary. 4. V.S. Pathak: new avenues and interpretation of India's past. 5. S.R. Goyal: his vision of integral history. 6. Ajay Mitra Shastri: an ideal historian of traditional mould. 7. Lallanji Gopal: a forward looking historian with traditional moorings. II. Ancient Indian historiography under the shadow of Marxism (D.D. Kosambi, R.S. Sharma, Romila Thapar, D.N. Jha and V.K. Thakur): 8. Marxist historians on ancient India: I. The pre-Gupta period. 9. Marxist historians on ancient India: II. Gupta and post-Gupta periods. Index. In the era of independence India has produced a large number of eminent historians. They are easily divisible into two categories - those who carried on the indigenous tradition of the pre-independence period, and those who developed the theory and tools of Marxist approach to Indian historiography. In the present work its author Dr. Shankar Goyal has studied eminent historians of both the schools. From amongst those who represent the flowering of the Indian tradition he has selected such great names as Professors R.C. Majumdar, V.S. Agrawala, G.C. Pande, V.S. Pathak, S.R. Goyal, Ajay Mitra Shastri and Lallanji Gopal while from the second category, he has emphasised on the contribution of Professors D.D. Kosambi, R.S. Sharma, Romila Thapar, D.N. Jha and V.K. Thakur. Dr. Shankar Goyal, who is fast emerging as an authority on Indian historiography, has not only given a short life-history, account of academic journey, contribution to learned bodies, etc. of each of them but has also provided an authoritative analysis of their approach to history alongwith a critical survey of their works. Thus, the present monograph seeks to give a complete picture of the life, personality, historical vision and contribution to indology of each of the historians included in it. We are sure that it will be greatly welcomed not only by the teachers and students of historiography, but also by the general readers who are interested in knowing about the present Indian masters of historians craft.

Contents 1. Palaeo environment and prehistory of the Thar Desert India/V.N. Misra and S.N. Rajaguru. 2. Epic Pauranika myths concerning the birth of Marudesa/S.K. Purohit. 3. History of the later Guptas of Rajasthan and Maukharis in the sixth century AD a new study/D.C. Shukla. 4. Origin of the Rajputs the political economic and social processes in early medieval Rajasthan/B.D. Chattopadhyaya. 5. The sun worship in ancient Rajasthan9/B.L. Upamanyu. 6. Varnas and castes in Rajasthan/K.C. Jain. 7. Sati as revealed from epigraphical sources (c. 700 AD c. 1200 AD)/Vijay Kumar Vasishtha. 8. Sakti worship in Rajasthan/N.K. Sharma. 9. Strifes and settlements in Mewar and their impact on socio economic life as revealed from the inscriptions (7 to 12 century AD)/G.N. Sharma. 10. Feudalism in Rajasthan (c. 700 AD to c. 1200 AD)/M.R. Singh. 12. Folks songs of Jaisalmer/Anita Purohit. 13. Local Hindu festivals of Marwar/Vinita Parihar. 14. Economic condition of Marwar during the reign of Maharaja Abhay Singh of Jodhpur/Prem Angrish. 15. Socio cultural aspects of the life of the people as depicted in Osian sculptures and other Antiquarian remains/Devendra Handa. 16. Factors in the operation of the law of primogeniture the case of Ishwari Singh of Jaipur/M.C. Joshi. 17. Impact of Maratha invasions on Mewar/Rachna Mehta. 18. A unique prince in the era of paramountcy/F.K. Kapil. 19. Caste and the structure of village society in Eastern Rajasthan during the eighteenth century/Dilbagh Singh. 20. Historiography of James Tod/Shankar Goyal. 21. British policy towards succession disputes (1859 1885) in princely states a case study of Mewar/Meena Gaur. 22. Press and public opinion in Ajmer Merwara (1885 1942 AD)/T.K. Mathur. 23. Some observations on the impact of national movement and politics of confrontation in Rajasthan/Y.S. Mehta. 24. The role of an Indian Maharaja in the league of nations/V.N. Singh. 25. Terrorist activities in Rajasthan/Sobhag Mathur. 26. Growth of political consciousness in the state of Rajasthan/R.P. Vyas. 27. Jat agitation in Loharu state 1935 AD/Pema Ram. 28. A note on the Mewar Praja Mandal (1938 1942 AD) aftermath of peasant and tribal unrest/T.K. Mathur. 29. Political growth of Rajasthan before and after independence/Rekha Singhvi. 30. The rise of popular movements in Rajasthan/P.R. Arya. 31. The Agrarian movement in Rajasthan/Sunita Mehta. 32. Development of cities a case study of Udaipur (1615 1947 AD)/K.S. Gupta. 33. Jat agitation in princely states of Rajputana 1930 1947 AD/Mohan Ram Choudhary. 34. L.S. Rathore a poet historian of Rajasthan/Shankar Goyal. (One articles is in Hindi). Rajasthan is famous throughout the world for its heroic sons and daughters. Its history is full of glorious tales of their sacrifices and heroic deeds. But it is also full of problems and interesting episodes. The culture of Rajasthan though an integral part of the great Indian cultural world has also its distinctive features. The present volume seeks to re study the history and culture of this region in the light of the new material which is being constantly discovered and in the light of new interpretations which have become imperative due to the changing historiographical attitudes. We are sure that it will be found highly interesting and useful not only by the researchers teachers and students but also by the general readers interested in the history of India in general and of Rajasthan in particular.

Contents 1. The middle class in medieval India/K.S. Lal. 2. Regional factors in medieval miniature paintings of India/Vijay Singh Gahlot. 3. Policy and attitude of Emperor Akbar towards Maharana Pratap/R.P. Vyas. 4. British relations with Mewar/Rachna Mehta. 5. Wajid Ali Shah his life and character as described by his contemporary Abdul Halim Sharar/Shankar Goyal. 6. A peep into the history art and Tahzib of Lucknow/Asit Sen Gupta. 7. Rev. Alexander Duff a contemporary missionary on the uprising of 1857/K.K. Sharma. 8. Social legislation and public reaction in modern India (with special reference to the child marriage restraint act 1929)/Jyoti Katju. 9. Leadership and ideology of the Congress Socialist Party/Girja Shankar. 10. Jainism and Mahatma Gandhi/S.K. Mittal. 11. Nehru's universalistic view of history/Anuradha Srivastava. 12. Nehru's place in history/L.L. Mehrotra. 13. Jawahar Lal Nehru contemporary impressions/F.K. Kapil. 14. A brief comparison and relevance of Marx and Nehru today/Janardan Audichya. 15. History and literature (with special reference to Punjab)/K.S. Gupta. 16. Two milestones in India's Foreign Policy (1965 71)/Sobhag Mathur. 17. Status and empowerment of women in modern India/Shiv Prakash Gupta. 18. Two notes on Muslims of Indo Pak sub continent/Mubarak Ali. 19. Indian roots of the concept of life as reflected in Urdu poetry/Abhey Kumar Abhey. 20. India and contemporary challenges in historical perspective/A. Chandrasekaran and Nalini Chandarasekaran. 22. Marxist view of history/S.K. Lal. 23. Literature history and force of times/Anil Pathak. 24. Role of social philosophy facts and ideals/D.R. Bhandari. (One article is in Hindi.) The present volume gives emphasis on the new orientation which is being given to study of these periods. For example it provides a detailed study of the middle class in medieval India social legislation and public reaction in modern India status and empowerment of women in modern India and also Itihasa Darsana Marxist view of history and Nehru's universalistic view of history. Some old topics which have not lost their appeal such as medieval paintings Akbar's attitude towards Rana Pratap British relations with Mewar ideology of the Congress Socialist Party and the Muslims of the Indo Pak sub continent have also been discussed and included in it. We therefore believe that it will be found useful and interesting by all the researchers teachers students and general readers and will be regarded as a must for every university and college and also for the personal libraries of individual scholars.

Contents I. The Indus Civilization and Vedic culture 1. Harappan Civilization problems of perspective/Vijay Kumar Thakur. 2. The Indus Sarasvati Civilization recent researches and new developments/Swarajya Prakash Gupta. 3. The Harappans and the Aryans/Kiran Kumar Thaplyal. 4. Rgvedic seas/J.N. Asopa. 6. Aryavarta and Jambudvipa/Ajay Mitra Shastri. II. Political history and ideas and epigraphy and numismatics 7. New perspectives in political history/Om Prakash. 8. The Gupta era a review/Rajwant Rao. 9. Impact of religion on the policies of Samudragupta/S.K. Purohit. 10. Two notes on Gupta Pushyabhuti period/S.V. Sohoni. 11. Kumaragupta and Skandagupta Kramaditya of the Gupta dynasty/I.K. Sarma. 12. Was there a semi independent king named Nrpamitra at Mathura in the fifth century AD/Jagannath Agrawal. 13. Punjab under the Guptas (c. 310 550)/Upendra Thakur. 14. Dravyavardhana the king of Avanti/Lallanji Gopal. 15. A gold coin of Bhanugupta Prakasaditya/B.P. Sinha. 16. A Kannada inscription from Desing Borgaon dated Saka 1071/V.B. Kolte. 17. Epigraphy some recent studies and new discoveries/T.P. Verma. 18. Dharma Vijaya/K.G. Krishnan. 19. The ideology of Gupta kingship/David N. Lorenzen. 20. Coronation ceremony and royal authority/Manorama Upadhyaya. 21. War in ancient India some reflections/Nirmala Upadhyaya. 22. Political undertones in select Buddhist Sanskrit works/Sanjay Joshi. III. Social and economic life and institutions 23. Two notes on Vedic social organisation/Mahesh Vikram Singh. 24. Origin of untouchability in India a review/Om Prakash. 25. Social stratification in ancient India/Vivekanand Jha. 26. Vaisyas in Vedic India role of the masses in early Aryan society/Priti K. Mitra. 27. Manu on the status of women/Ashvini Agrawal. 28. Economic status of Indian women in the age of Mahavira and Buddha/Savita Vishnoi. 29. On the pre Vatsyayana Kamasutra tradition/P.K. Agrawala. 30. Social glimpses from Kalidasa/Anupa Pande. 31. Some important socio administrative problems of ancient India (c. 800 BC 400 BC)/S.K. Maity. 32. No Taxation without protection/Nirmala Upadhyaya. 33. Labour welfare in ancient India/Laxmi Narain Mathur. 34. Urbanisation in the territory of Bengal (West Bengal and Bangladesh) of the Maurya age/B.N. Mukherjee. IV. Religion and religious life 35. Social background of early Buddhism/K.D. Bajpai. 36. Ethics of a Bodhisattva and universal welfare/N.H. Samtani. 37. Some aspects of the Buddhist contribution to Indian psychology/Hemant K. Sharma. 38. The condition of the Buddhist Church as reflected in the inscriptions of Western India/Gindallian Mangvungh. 39. Malli the Jina extraordinaire of Jainism/Jagdish P. Sharma. 40. Socio religious ideas and institutions associated with the Varaha worship/Anil K. Gupta. 41. Kasmir Saivism and the Saiva tradition of dance a homonomy of religious and aesthetic traditions/Susmita Pande. 42. Indian sources on the life of Jesus Christ/Arun. V. Art 43. Approaches to Indian art/Swarajya Prakash Gupta. 44. The abstract in Osian iconography/D.D. Kaushik. 45. Some reflections on the approach to art/Anupa Pande. 46. The evidence of Shaikhan Dheri excavations on the origin of the Buddha image/Nisar Ahmad. 47. Relics of art from Khanpur (Punjab)/Devendra Handa. 48. Religious and ideological background of the Gupta Art/S.N. Chaturvedi. 49. The art treasures of Sanghol/Shashi Asthana. 50. Ramayana in painted scrolls of Bangladesh and South East Asia/S.K. Sharma. 51. V.S. Agrawala historian par excellence of art and culture/Shankar Goyal. (One article is in Hindi). The present volume is a study of some of the major problems of ancient Indian history and culture in the light of new discoveries and approaches which make it imperative of us to re examine the contours of our ancient past afresh.

Contents I. Blessings tributes and reminiscences 4. All honour where honour is due/Jagannath Agrawal. 5. Blessings to a young colleague/K.D. Bajpai. 6. My young friend Shri Ram Goyal/B.N. Puri. 7. Professor S.R. Goyal an appreciation/M.K. Dhavalikar. 8. Professor S.R. Goyal a tribute/V.N. Misra. 11. My friend professor Goyal/Lallanji Gopal. 12. Professor S.R. Goyal some reminiscences/Upendra Thakur. 13. Shri Ram As I know him/S.P. Gupta. 14. My friend Shri Ram/Lakhan Lal Mehrotra. 18. My Agraja Professor S.R. Goyal/D.C. Shukla. 20. For Sri Rama/R.S. Bhatnagar. 21. Karmayogi Professor S.R. Goyal/M.C. Joshi. 22. Professor Shri Ram Goyal a I know him/Abhey Kumar Abhey. 23. My Shri Ram Chacha/Susmita Pande. 24. My venerable friend and elder brother/Jagdish Chandra. 28. Professor S.R. Goyal my Samadhi and friend/Chater Sen Gupta. 31. My father in law/Rajesh Goel. 33. My grandpa/Meghna Goyal. II. S.R. Goyal his life and works 1. Professor S.R. Goyal his life academic journey and personality/Shankar Goyal. 2. Publications of Professor S.R. Goyal and the writings of other scholars on him/S.P. Vyas. 3. Extracts from reviews of and views on the works of Professor S.R. Goyal/Vijayashree Goel. 4. Select opinions on Professor S.R. Goyal's place in the world of indological studies/M.V. Singh. III. Professor S.R. Goyal a historian extraordinary 5. S.R. Goyal his integral vision of history/Shankar Goyal. 7. New political history some observations on S.R. Goyal's suggestions/A.K. Narain. 8. S.R. Goyal's researches in ancient Indian history/A.M. Shastri. 9. S.R. Goyal's probings into the history and sources of pre Gupta period/Shankar Goyal. 10. Some observations on Professor S.R. Goyal's suggestion regarding brother sister incest in the Indus society/B.L. Upamanyu. 11. Some colours of the spectrum of Professor S.R. Goyal's historiography of ancient India/V.B. Rao. 12. S.R. Goyal's appraisal of the history and sources of the Gupta and Post Gupta periods/Shankar Goyal. 13. S.R. Goyal's contribution to the study of medieval and modern Indian history/Sobhag Mathur. 14. Professor S.R. Goyal's contribution to the history of Rajasthan/Shankar Goyal. (Seventeen Articles is in Hindi).

She In search of Light is a story of the search of identity of women. The search which she has been doing since she stepped in the patriarchal society. With the advent of patriarchal system of society woman has been losing her own identity and finally became a property of the father brother or husband and even of the society which is in the hold of the men folk. She is not considered even a living being. If at all she is treated as a living person it is only as a second grade person. Risham who though born in a hamlet to a small time school teacher aspires to become her own self by going for higher education. She not only desires to be educated but also economically independent. She wanted to be a liberated person not the one in shackles. She had the higher studies gets a good job but where is the liberation still far away. Her life is a story of getting jolts after jolts which confirms her belief that it is curse to be born a girl. In fact it is her mother who wants her to keep in a straight jacket by marrying her off at a very young age but her father sees in her a very promising child who can cross any height. Actually the father also according to her sees a male child in her that is where the whole anomaly of life lies. The main burden of the novel is to bring out the fact how a women is viewed in the social set up how she is treated and what fate she has to meet at is the ultimate analysis. This is the story of human relations in making and breaking. It is the story of characters that have their aspirations their beliefs their thinking their values and their defeats. But the important thing is that every difficulty which one faces every defeat which one gets gives strength and courage to face it with more vigor and vitality. Every dark night has a lighted morning behind it.

Contents Preface. 1. Changing attitudes of historians to the history of Harsha and the need of a multidisciplinary integral approach. 2. Sources for the political history of the age of Harsha their reliability and importance. 3. Political background of the rise of the Pushyabhuti dynasty twilight of the Gupta imperialism and political traditions. 4. Factors in the early history of the Pushyabhutis. 5. Factors and forces in the early career of Harsha. 6. Nature of and determinant factors in the wars and conquests of Harsha. 7. Extent of Harsha's empire and sphere of his influence. 8. Commercial and religious factors in Harsha's relations with China and Iran. 9. Decline of classical culture rise of feudalism and transition to the medieval period. 10. Political culture of the age of Harsha and the feudalization of administrative structure. 11. Psycho sociological and religious analysis of Harsha's personality. 12. Harsha's place in history. 13. The summing up. Bibliography. Index. The present research work on Harsha by Dr. Shankar Goyal will blaze we believe a new trail in the historiography of ancient Indian political history for it looks upon the history of the age of Harsha not from the traditional what and when happened approach but from multidisciplinary integral standpoint in which main political developments and events are put in their proper context by an analysis of their determining influences social economic religious geographical etc. with the help of other branches of knowledge of course without overlooking the need of reconsidering the what and when happened problems afresh wherever necessary. For example on such problems as the motivations and reliability of Bana and Yuan Chwang social origins and early history of the Pushyabhutis reign of Rajyavardhana II formative influences on the character and personality of Harsha validity of his claim to the Maukhari throne chronology of his campaigns his political relations with the various regions of India and also with Iran China etc. the nature of the organisation of his empire impact of his religious policies on his political activities causes of his failure in establishing a permanent imperial structure etc. the author has either thrown new light or has offered new cogent solutions for them. He has also given probably for the first time a psycho sociological and religious analysis of the personality of Harsha. Further the author seeks to look upon the culture of the age of Harsha not only as an aggregate of the date found in the works of Bana and other contemporary writers but as the cultural situation which marked the end of the classicism of the Gupta age and the beginning of the early medievalism. When looked with the help of these two peepholes the classical culture of the Gupta period and the medieval culture of the Rajput age the works of Bana and his contemporaries appear to yield a new meaning and light. We are sure therefore that this research work will attract the attention of the scholarly world which it so eminently deserves.

Contents Preface. 1. Meaning and significance of new integral political history. 2. The pre Maurya period. 3. The Maurya period. 4. Post Maurya pre Gupta centuries. 5. The age of the imperial Guptas. 6. The post Gupta period (c. 500 c. 750 A.D.). 7. An overview. Bibliographical index. In recent decades the popularity of the political history is declining very fast in India as well as in other countries. Therefore in order to revitalise their discipline some political historians both in India and the west are pleading that now the concept of political history should be modified. They argue that now historians should cease to give emphasis only on the deeds and dates of the kings and should make a study of the political aspect of society their basic concern. In other words they should give emphasis on how and why instead of only when and what. For this a study of the political events and institutions against various factors religious economic social etc. is vital. This is what they call new political history or integral political history. It needs not only a study of basic sources with a new angle but also a multidisciplinary approach to the political life of society and state. In India Professor S.R. Goyal has been pleading for the adoption of this approach for several decades and now he is being supported by numerous others. The present monograph by Dr. Shankar Goyal seeks to show what Professor S.R. Goyal has done to give a new definition and meaning to political history specially of ancient India and what more can be done in this field.

Contents Preface. Introduction. 1. Trade and environment laws structure and opposite concerns. 2. Multilateral environmental agreements non party states and GATT/WTO. 3. Process and production based environmental trade measures of MEAs and non discrimination mandate of GATT/WTO. 4. Environmental exceptions of GATT MEAs and GATT article XX. 5. Financial assistance provisions under Montreal protocol and WTO agreement on subsidies and countervailing measures. 6. Intellectual property rights under the TRIPs agreement and the convention on biological diversity. 7. Reconciling MEAs and GATT/WTO through the rules of treaty interpretation. 8. Conclusion. Bibliography. Index. Is it realistic to expect that wealth can continue to be generated through trade and industrial development without bringing the earth to the brink of ecological ruin. This book critically examines the relationship between the powerful new system of international trade which has come into being following the WTO agreements and international law relating to the environment which has evolved in parallel. In this context the critical issue is whether the rules of the new international trading system override the law aimed at protecting the earth's fragile environment. This volume engages with these two aspects of international law in particular their areas of overlap and actual as well as potential conflict. It also focuses on the trade/environment debate and developing nations. The consequence of the WTO agreements has been the unprecedented formalization and institutionalization of international economic relations and activities into a multilateral system. The WTO has also brought into being mechanisms to monitor compliance with the agreements. Meanwhile over the years norms of international environmental law have also evolved at both international and regional levels through multilateral environmental agreements. Anupam Goyal argues that these two aspects of contemporary international law can be harmoniously construed. On the basis of a rigorous analysis of the basic principles of international law the reasoning and decisions of international judicial panels and courts he shows that it is possible to make the rules under international trade law and environmental law compatible. The volume also contains an extensive discussion on current legal issues connected to intellectual property rights genetic diversity geographical indicators and traditional knowledge. Of particular interest is the section on legal tussles involving India on basmati rice neem and turmeric. This book will interest scholars and students of international law trade and economics environmental researchers activists policy makers and lawyers advising on international trade patents and environmental law issues.